2020-03-11 01:26:03 source: 文化交流:章咪佳
Hanshan, a legendary monk and poet of the Tang Dynasty (618-907), is remembered for his lifestyle and poems. Hanshan, or literally Cold Mountain, is very probably not his real name. Stories about his lifetime vary. Some inconsistencies in these stories indicate not all of them are true. Some scholars believe that it is hard to say who he was when he lived and died, or whether he actually existed.
But Hanshan did exist. The Complete Poetry of the Tang, compiled in 1794 by scholars of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), anthologizes 312 poems by the monk poet.
Legend has it that he lived in Tiantai Mountain in Zhejiang for over 70 years. Tiantai Mountain exists. Of the 50,000 poems by 2,000 poets in the Complete Collection of Poems of the Tang, about 1,100 poems by 300 poets mention Tiantai, a scenic sanctuary of Buddhism. Of the well-known poets of the Tang, Meng Haoran and Li Bai visited the mountain. So did Hanshan. It is said that he came to Tiantai from Xi’an in northwestern China at the age of 30. Unlike Meng and Li who visited and left, Hanshan stayed. Some scholars say he died there. He was a contemporary of the Tang greats such as Meng Haoran and Li Bai but Hanshan never met them during their visits to Tiantai Mountain.
It is said that the monk took the name of Cold Mountain in Tiantai as his name. The Cold Mountain did exist and the name remains unchanged. Meng Haoran wrote a poem about the mountain in 730.
Though modern scholars have failed to reach a consensus on the life story of Hanshan, his poems speak of the poet. The poet stands out alone as a phenomenon. He is by no means a classic poet. His inspirational and thoughtful poems are straightforward and well written. Among his ancient fans were some greatest poets such as Wang Anshi. Zhu Xi, Lu You, all well established poets and scholars of the Song Dynasty (960-1279), as well as Dong Qichang, one of the greatest painters and calligraphers of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). Some modern scholars say that Hanshan is very modern, that is, at least 1,200 years ahead of his time. This is large because the poems of Hanshan translated by Gary Snyder, an American scholar, influenced many North Americans including Ellen Ginsburg and Jack Kerouac.
Gary Snyder discovered Hanshan in 1953 when he was 23 years old. A student of Chinese and Japanese languages at University of California, Berkeley, he visited a Japanese art exhibition where he was caught off guard by a painting that portrayed Hanshan. Looking at the painting, Snyder felt overwhelmed by the image. Under the guidance of Chen Shixiang (Shih-Hsiang Chen), the young student translated some poems of Hanshan into English. The translation spread Hanshan’s reputation fast. Jack Kerouac commented that Hanshan was the Chinese ancestor of the Hippies.
Xi Chuan, a Chinese scholar, and poet, notes that Hanshan was about 1,200 or 1,300 years ahead of his time and that he was probably the only “modern” Chinese poet of the Tang Dynasty.
For Chinese readers, Hanshan provides an attitude toward life and an insight into wisdom. For some westerners, Hanshan provides them with a value system and courage against the mainstream value and way of life in modern capitalist societies.
浙东是唐朝江南道浙东观察使管辖区域的简称,因为观察使驻节越州,又以越州代指浙东。浙东唐诗之路主要指从萧山西陵渡口进入浙东运河,再到达越州——即今天的绍兴,然后沿越中名水剡溪上溯,经剡中到达佛教天台宗发源地天台山。
天台旅游名家工作室领衔人张朝红告诉我一个数据:《全唐诗》收录了2000多位诗人的5万多首诗歌,其中有300多位诗人在1100多首诗歌里写过天台。
但是,天台山对于居住在首都长安的大唐诗人们来讲偏处海隅,路极不好走。孙绰的赋里也有记载:“……所立冥奥(冥奥:幽暗深秘),其路幽迥(幽迥:僻远)。”所以孟浩然、李白等诗人们来浙江天台度假后,终归又回去了。
但同时代有一位诗人,来天台住进山洞,一住就是70年。他不仅没有回去,甚至没有出来。
诗人叫寒山,甚至这只是个笔名。他的诗歌几乎字字大白话,但在时空上,领先了世界一千多年。
衣衫褴褛,在山洞中度过盛唐
从天台城出发,驱车往西,过街头镇,乡村公路两边溪水潺潺。转过埠头村和山头下村,经何村,穿过一个山口。这山口是一个关隘,天台人说这正是“孟湖岭”,孟浩然来过的地方。
公元730年,孟浩然来天台,他站在这不高的岭上朝远处眺望、搜索。周围群山环绕,但西边的一座山明显与其他翠碧覆盖的山崖迥异,像是被垂直切了一刀,花岗岩石质地的山体几乎完全暴露在夕阳底下,印衬出血红色。
这座山叫寒山,唐代诗人寒山因隐居此地而得此笔名。这一年,孟浩然在这里寻访诗人寒山的隐居地,留下了一首诗《访寒山隐寺过霞山湖上》:
一湖清水漾晴霞,凋柳残杨影半斜。
雁啄野菰窥浅浦,鸦归暮霭过平沙。
千寻倒石波涵碧,几树飞丹岩落花。
岭外寒山明月上,肯留乞梦饭胡麻。
那座山中的一个大岩洞,便是寒山的家。
132 寒山究竟生活在唐代的哪一个时段,历史上和当下的学术界有三种说法:贞观说(627~649年)、先天说(712~713年)和大历说(766~799年)。
有人甚至比较肯定地给出寒山的生卒年代,即在691~793年。这样的话,寒山就活了一百多岁。那么他曾与王维、孟浩然、李白、杜甫同时代。而他却在山洞中,破衣烂衫地走过了盛唐。
我沿着西半边山坡往山上走,不久就到了寒山曾经住过的寒岩——简直是豪宅,整个洞高15米,占地面积大约有3500平方米。
朝洞深处走去,有一口井水,不受外头世界的影响,今人仍然可饮用。再从洞中往外走,接近洞口,世外桃源尽收眼底。
这也够奇妙的!
寒山与天台国清寺的和尚拾得情同手足,当地民间传说他两人分别是文殊菩萨和普贤菩萨的化身。住在寒岩的寒山,经常去天台山上的国清寺拜访拾得。
李白、孟浩然当年也都曾访问过天台山国清寺,李白还去过两次,都没有遇到寒山。这能说明点什么吗?难道寒山是打定了主意,就躲在山洞里不出来与当代的大诗人们见面?
要是寒山遇到过李白,两个超凡脱俗的人,两个个性鲜明的人,一道一佛,会弄出什么动静?
据说寒山出身于富裕人家,早接受过良好的教育。所以当我们读到他一些符合唐代主流诗歌趣味、合乎作诗规范又清澈自得的精彩律诗时,便并不觉得奇怪:
可笑寒山道,而无车马踪。
联溪难记曲,叠嶂不知重。
泣露千般草,吟风一样松。
此时迷径处,形问影何从。
诗人西川说:“‘影’这个东西,它附属于‘形’,又超出‘形’;它的存在,被赋予了神秘的属性,关乎时间、死亡和另一个世界。”
而这样高级的诗篇,被寒山题写在山中岩间的树上,真是不可思议。
古今中外,迷弟一大片
更不可思议的是,寒山才不稀罕写这些主流的诗文,他一生多在写俚俗、口语化的白话诗。
寒山、拾得是好朋友,也都是诗人。他们的主要创作,与唐代精英主流有很大的差异。
模仿寒山当年的创作习惯,今天大家在山间草丛中竖立许多牌牌,上面印着寒山的白话诗歌:
我见世间人,个个争意气。一朝忽然死,只得一片地。阔四尺,长丈二。汝若会出来争意气,我与汝立碑记。家有寒山诗,胜汝看经卷。书放屏风上,时时看一遍。
说的是大白话,所涉的却全是大问题:善恶、生死、超脱、报应。这和今人正儿八经的哲学讨论南辕北辙,有点疯癫相。
“癫僧们不合常理的语言、行为总是很迷人的;在常理中看不到出头之日的老百姓,对癫僧们也总是津津乐道的。于是他们成为传奇,进而升格为神话。”西川说。
寒山的迷弟,遍及古今中外。
比如寒山的诗曾迷倒过包括王安石这样的大文人、大政治家。
作为11世纪的大改革家,王安石现在被视作国家资本主义和社会主义的先驱。就是这样一个大人物,曾作了十九首《拟寒山拾得》。怎么写的呢?
看一首《人人有这个》:
人人有这个,这个没量大。
坐也坐不定,走也跳不过。
锯也解不解,鎚也打不破。
作马便搭鞍,作牛便推磨。
若问无眼人,这个是甚么。
便遭伊缠绕,鬼窟里忍饿。
读起来没有不通的,但他在讲什么呢?哑谜。
寒山诗不仅迷倒了一些中国的大文人(除王安石,尚有朱熹、陆游,还有明代的董其昌等),20世纪以来还一直受到日本学者的推崇;20世纪50年代后期,通过美国诗人盖瑞·斯奈德的翻译,又迷倒了包括垮掉派小说家杰克·凯鲁亚克、诗人艾伦·金斯伯格在内的一大批北美欧洲的嬉皮士们。
1953年,23岁的斯奈德出现在一场日本赴美交流的画展上。那个时候,他在加州大学伯克利分校学习中文和日文。在这场展览上,年轻的斯奈德受到了来自东方的震撼,而这个震撼影响了美国此后近20年的历史。
浙江大学人文学院教授何善蒙说,这个震撼来自寒山。寒山的画像,在斯奈德看来,是那么的独特,“一个衣衫破烂、长发飞扬、在风里大笑的人,手握着一个卷轴,立在山中的一个高岩上”。这样的寒山与东方的禅的精神结合在一起,对于斯奈德来说,成为了永远的寄托。
后来,斯奈德在著名学者陈世骧教授的指导下,开始翻译寒山诗。凯鲁亚克看了这些诗篇说:“寒山是嬉皮士们在中国唐代的老祖宗。”
西川认为,寒山超前了一千二三百年。他是唐代诗人中极少几位甚至也许是唯一一位“现代”诗人。
对中国读者来讲,寒山提供的是他的智慧口语、人生态度。但对西方人来讲,除此之外,寒山还提供了一种可用以反对当代资本主义主流价值观和生活方式的另类价值观与生活方式,以及生存的勇气。
看他和好朋友拾得的对谈,就解决所有问题了:
“世间有人谤我、欺我、辱我、笑我、轻我、贱我、恶我、骗我,如何处治乎?”
“只要忍他、由他、避他、耐他、敬他、不理他,再待几年你且看他。”
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