2019-12-25 04:34:55 source: 文化交流(马 黎)
“一般人爱说七年之痒,而我们说,七年滋养。”就像中国知名编剧史航说的,很多人一年的盼头,就是乌镇,乌镇戏剧节。
第七届乌镇戏剧节开启了10天狂欢。来自13个国家和地区的28个剧目来到乌镇,共计141场特邀剧目演出,其中有很多戏选择在乌镇开启世界首演。
尤其是今年的国际大师军团——彼得·布鲁克《为什么?》、尤金尼奥·巴尔巴《树》、莫斯科艺术剧院去年最受欢迎的《卡拉马佐夫兄弟》、希腊导演提奥多罗斯·特佐普洛斯的《特洛伊女人》,还有开幕大戏尤里·布图索夫的《三姊妹》,都是世界级戏剧导演和院团。
而在国内特邀剧目中,有一位90后戏剧导演的作品,因为传统与当代、东西方跨文化的融合,他这几年一直受到国内外戏剧界的关注。
他就是丁一滕。
《伤口消失在茫茫黑夜中》剧照
结合传统戏曲演绎科幻经典
“Good good good good performance……”
10月27日下午4点,谢幕后,著名剧场导演、欧丁剧团创始人尤金尼奥·巴尔巴从观众席起身,抱了抱戏中的“怪物”,又摸了摸每个演员的头:“好好照顾他们。”
“他说让你们好好照顾我。”“怪物”笑。
5分钟前,四五位女观众拥到台前,拿出一只蛋糕,“怪物”丁一滕站在台上,蹲下身子,翘起屁股,用地上的菜刀,切蛋糕。
这天,是他的生日,28岁,《伤口消失在茫茫黑夜中》完成了在乌镇戏剧节的最后一场演出。
仿佛集万千宠爱于一身。但“怪物”卸掉油彩,回到丁一滕。
应该已经不需要太多前缀了——演员、导演、90后当红、戏剧新一代领军人、孟京辉爱将、尤金尼奥·巴尔巴的爱徒……这位第一届就来参加的乌镇戏剧节“元老”,今年带着新作《伤口消失在茫茫黑夜中》来到了第七届乌镇戏剧节,完成了4场演出。
从《窦娥》到《醉梦诗仙》再到《伤口》,丁一滕渐渐走向并在完成一种自我“体系”,关于他一直在探索的“新程式”——中国传统戏曲的表演和程式,能否和西方当代剧场融合?中国民族戏剧中能否探索出一种新的创作方式?传统的表演程式基础上,能否发展出一种有新涵义的表演方法?
丁一滕(中)在《伤口消失在茫茫黑夜中》中扮演“怪物”
这一次的融合,似乎比以往两部作品更甚,但这一次的黑暗、黑夜、残酷、累、“脏”,也比以往更长、更深、更直白。
丁一滕在微博写了一段话:“本剧取材自西方文学经典《弗兰肯斯坦》,融入中国地方剧种及各地方言。本剧关于原罪(罪恶),众生皆是受难者,生命是恶的轮回,本就充满伤痕,残酷永无止尽,一切救赎均是徒劳。”
他第一次改编小说,还是外国小说——玛丽·雪莱的《弗兰肯斯坦》。这部作品一向被认为是科幻小说的开山之作。
丁一滕在大学就看过它,在北京师范大学北国剧社也排过一个版本。而今年4月,《弗兰肯斯坦的冰与火》在上海首演,又是另一个版本,用了他自己的国际剧团“启”和国际演员。这次乌镇的版本,其实是2.0版本,也是他第三次排这个作品,改回中国演员,自己也参与了演出,作品还改了名字,中国著名话剧导演孟京辉给改的。
他把《弗兰肯斯坦》的小说给孟导看。孟导说:“你得改个名,我给你想想。”他翻开小说最后一页,看到最后一句话:“他的黑影,消失在了茫茫黑夜中。”
“伤口,消失在茫茫黑夜中。”孟导说。
“我非常感谢他。孟导特别会想名字,他想的名字都特别准确,从《拥抱麦克白》开始,就特别准。《伤口》等我在演出的时候,我觉得特别贴切。航行在晶莹的海面,进入茫茫黑夜。”丁一滕说。
“我比较喜欢美跟丑这样的话题,罪恶、丑恶对我有一种格外的吸引力。我特别想去通过这样一个故事,探究黑暗,探究伤害,以及人与人之间的反抗。我需要一个载体,一个母体,承载着我想要去到达的主题。《窦娥》也好,《弗兰肯斯坦的冰与火》都是这样一个载体,一座桥。”
他跟巴尔巴说,想排《弗兰肯斯坦》,对方很好奇。因为这个题材对西方人来说很熟悉,他好奇东方的年轻人会怎么创作这样一个西方题材。
“以前,我是对中国传统文本进行改编,我就想我的这个‘新程式’,中国戏曲能不能跟西方文本进行融合。这部小说有一定的难度,它的故事不是特别新颖,它又是很多题材的母体,所以需要二次改编。”
《伤口消失在茫茫黑夜中》剧照
探寻戏剧“新程式”
这几年,丁一滕一直在做的事,就是在戏曲程式的基础上,融入一些当代的元素。而至于《伤口》,你会发现他又往前走了一步。
比如,演员的每一句台词信息量特别大,融入了各种地方方言,比如湖南话、闽南话、天津话、北京话等等,还有戏曲念白、英语等等“语言”,尤其是方言的大量穿插,杂糅其间,轻重缓急,节奏却舒展、绵长。
丁一滕为自己的“新程式”分了很多层次,肢体的程式,声音的程式,还有美学的程式。而方言,就是他在第二个阶段的尝试。
他发现每个地方的方言都很有意思,“因为戏曲念白就是从方言中提取的韵律”,他让演员们说自己的家乡话,湖南、四川、闽南、北京、天津,然后提炼出每个方言念白的韵律。
这是他创造的属于自己的训练方法——颜色台词训练法,“一块是正常的语速,一块把它加上颜色,变成一种念白,是地方方言的节奏。”他把每句台词都做了拆分,像编程。
“当代戏剧需要这种传统戏曲的严谨,戏曲中的手眼身法步非常非常严谨,程式就是一种严谨。而我觉得当代戏剧缺少这种东西,大家追求一种自由、奔放,忘记了精确的动作,精确的节奏。我觉得这是我们需要向传统戏曲取经的一点。”
演出后,见巴尔巴抱了抱戏中的“怪物”丁一滕(右)
为什么这次又改回了用中国演员?
“这也是我个人探究的一个过程。我更多地想要融入戏曲、中国古典舞等中国传统元素进来,所以,我们团队当中大多数都是戏曲演员、中国古典舞演员,他们为我在‘新程式’的融合上,再添了一把火。”
今年,他大部分时间都在国外,比如受邀在法国图卢兹开工作坊,与十位法国演员一起探索“新程式”。接下来,他还要去格洛托夫斯基戏剧中心,带着工作坊和《醉梦诗仙》,同时,他正在伦敦大学金史密斯学院读学位。而他在中戏的博士毕业论文,将发表在《新剧本》杂志,论文的方向就是巴尔巴的导演方法和中国戏曲的“新程式。
在国内外同时探索他的“新程式”,有什么不同?
一开始,他和国际演员合作的时候,无法入手,还要教他们一些戏曲,慢慢地,他找到了一种和外国演员合作的方式,也找到了和中国演员合作的方式。
“我不知道二者可不可以形成一种相通的东西,但‘新程式’在中国演员和外国演员身上,呈现的是两种模式,完全不一样。外国演员对新程式很好奇,他们对东方文化好奇,但他们好奇的又不是戏曲本身。我跟他们说,我需要提炼的是戏曲的精髓,比如欲左先右、矛盾等等,融入到当代戏剧舞台,我不做现代戏曲。”
Ding Yiteng, now 28, has performed at the Wuzhen Theater Festival for seven consecutive years since its inception in May 2013. In 2019, he appeared as the lead man in at the festival which ran from October 25 to November 3. The play directed by Ding himself was staged three times at the festival.
Ding Yiteng likes the festival partly because the festival gives him a stage to present his ideas about theater and partly because the festival attracts world-famous theater masters. This year, the 10-day festival saw 141 performances of 28 plays, including ? directed by Peter Brook and Marie-Hélène Estienne, directed by Eugenio Barba, directed by Theodoros Terzopoulos, Anton Chekhov’s directed by Yury Butusov.
Wuzhen has witnessed Ding Yiteng maturing from a young performer to a young director. Over the past seven years, he has been exploring if it is possible to integrate traditional Chinese theater performance and formula with the modern western theater. He wants to find out whether it is possible to have a new production approach to China’s national theater and whether a new performing methodology is likely on the basis of traditional performance formula and routines.
Unlike the other plays such as and Ding Yiteng has directed, is a totally new experimentation. He read the novel in college days. He performed in a theater adaptation of the novel staged by a student theater group in Beijing Normal University.
When he first mentioned his idea of producing to Eugenio Barba, a director in Denmark under whose tutelage Ding has been studying, Barba was curious why Ding, a young man from the East, would reproduce a western subject. In the past, Ding had adapted many traditional Chinese plays and gained experiences. Now he wanted to find out whether he could adapt the western text to a Chinese performance. He had challenges: the classical story is old and it has given birth to various adaptations. He needed a new and different adaptation. In April 2019, he staged in Shanghai. Some international performers appeared in the debut. The play for Wuzhen was actually a complete new production. The cast was all Chinese. The language was Chinese intermingled with various lines spoken in dialects and some English. The play even changed its Chinese name and English name.
“Traditional Chinese theater has a strict formula system for all characters and all performances. The system is also taken into playwriting and directing. Modern theater lacks such a system to define itself, as directors and performers pursue freedom and unrestrained expression at the cost of accurate moves and accurate rhythms. I feel that’s what we need to learn from traditional theater,” says the young director.
When asked why he picked Chinese performers for the latest production of Frankenstein, he explains: “I want to introduce traditional Chinese elements into the adaptation. Most members on our team are traditional theater artists and some are dancers specialized in Chinese classic dance. They add fire to the maturity of my new formula.”
When asked about the difference between Chinese cast and international cast, Ding Yiteng says the difference does exist. At first he was clueless how international performers would respond to Chinese theater concepts. He has now found a way to work with them in his plays. It is interesting to note that, in his new formula system, the Chinese performers and the international performers give different interpretations and different performances. International actors take a strong interest in Ding’s new formula system. It is the east that they are curious about. Their curiosity is not centered on theater. Ding wants to put the best of the Chinese theater formula system into the way his plays unfold on stage.
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