2019-11-22 06:12:05 source: 文化交流(钱科丹)
英国第一位诺贝尔文学奖得主、著名诗人吉卜林在《东西方歌谣》里写到:”东方是东方,西方是西方。东西方永不相逢,直到地老与天荒。虽然东西在两端,两个巨人面对时,不论种族与疆界,不分东方与西方。”汤显祖和莎士比亚,东西方两位最杰出的戏剧大师生活在同个年代,又同在1616年去世,因为两人的存在,东方的遂昌与西方的斯特拉福德市从此相逢、结缘、交流,展开了一场跨越国界的“文化对话”。
2012年遂昌县和浙江昆剧团,联合第一次将全本昆剧《牡丹亭》送到英国斯特拉福德市和考文垂市演出——“原来姹紫嫣红开遍,似这般都付与断井颓垣。良辰美景奈何天,赏心乐事谁家院。”台上水袖翻飞,唱得婉转缠绵,台下静静无声,看得目不转睛。英国观众感受到了东方文化、中国戏曲文化、汤显祖文化的独特魅力。
两位巨匠跨时空“牵手”
莎士比亚是英国著名作家,一生共写有37部戏剧,被马克思称为“人类最伟大的天才之一”。汤显祖是明代著名文学家、戏曲家。汤显祖和莎士比亚,是同时代的两位东西方戏剧大师,同在1616年仙逝,在2000年又同时被联合国教科文组织列为世界百位历史文化名人。何等的机缘,才创造了如此多的巧合!
两位大师同为“梦境”而生:在生死面前,莎翁认为“生存还是毁灭,这是个问题”,而汤公认为可以超越生死“生者可以死,死可以生”。湖北省美学学会会长、武汉大学哲学学院邹元江教授说:“莎士比亚是欧洲文艺复兴的最高成就,他的作品充满人文启蒙精神。而在中国的晚明时期,以王守仁、李贽等人为代表,包括汤显祖在内,也发起了一次启蒙运动,双方在思想上高度契合。”两人的作品都充满了浓郁的人文主义色彩,在东西方不同地域、不同时代,读者在欣赏时都不会产生距离感和陌生感。
2011年,《牡丹亭》折子戏首次在斯特拉福德市艾文学院上演,艾文学院一位教授和学生会主席等人看后,非常喜爱昆曲婉转的唱腔和精美的扮相,他们拿出学校吉祥物小兔子的文创产品,赠送给每位演员。
2012年,全本《牡丹亭》出现在了斯特拉福德和考文垂市。“对中国昆曲是陌生的,但《牡丹亭》中的人情人性,尤其剧中杜丽娘‘为情而死,为情而生’的执着让人震撼。”剧中的情感引发了观众强烈的共鸣。更有观众发问:是什么让汤显祖在遂昌激发了如此灵感,写就了400年传唱不歇的传世经典。
400年的时光,日月流转,沧海桑田,却令两颗巨星更加熠熠生辉,光芒更加辉映,思想更加契合。汤显祖、莎士比亚相隔万里的交融、碰撞,开启了一条中外文化交流的新路径。
两座城市历百年“相逢”
“山也清,水也清,人在山阴道上行,春云处处生。官也清,吏也清,村民无事到公庭,农歌三两声。”1593年至1598年,汤显祖在遂昌任知县时曾这样盛赞这片土地。在任5年间,他兴教办学,勤劳耕作,创作了传世之作《牡丹亭》,深受遂昌人民的爱戴。百年间,当地对汤显祖的纪念活动从未间断。20世纪80年代,遂昌开始打造汤显祖文化品牌,2009年,遂昌与英国斯特拉福德市结缘,开启了两城的文化交流之旅。
遂昌通过三把金钥匙打开了与莎士比亚故乡的交流大门。学术交流是第一把金钥匙。自2011年开始,遂昌举办了四届“汤显祖——莎士比亚国际学术高峰论坛”,首届论坛,有来自英国、美国等6个国家和地区的10多位专家和国内近60名专家参与。2011年、2012年、2014年和2016年,时任莎士比亚出生地基金会会长戴安娜,斯特拉福德艾文学院副院长泰乐爱、莎士比亚出生地基金会教学部总监杰奎林·格林,英国莎士比亚出生地基金会创意总监尼克·福泽,莎士比亚出生地基金会副会长菲利帕·罗林森分别出席高峰论坛,并作了主题发言。
在遂昌县和斯特拉福德市共同努力下,开设了中英文对照“汤显祖——莎士比亚文化交流合作网”,实现异地共同维护。遂昌县还组织推动浙江大学人文学院、伦敦大学亚非学院联合出版《英语世界的汤显祖文化研究》译本,促进更多人了解汤显祖文化。
英国伦敦大学亚非学院中文系教授、欧洲汉学学会秘书长陈靝()沅说:“在与遂昌及浙江大学的中英合作项目中,亚非学院主要负责西方汉学中的汤显祖研究这一块。自合作初期,我们就认识到有必要梳理西方汉学中汤显祖研究的状况。”
合作是第二把金钥匙。几年来,遂昌县与斯特福夫德市签署了《中国浙江省遂昌县人民政府与英国斯特拉福德艾文学院合作备忘录》《汤显祖——莎士比亚文化交流合作恳谈备忘录》《合作协议书》《中国遂昌县与英国斯特拉福德市建立友好交流关系意向书》《浙江省遂昌县与斯特拉福德市关于推进文化经验备忘录》,遂昌中学与斯特拉福德艾文学院缔结为姐妹学校。一系列协议、备忘录和意向书的签署,加强了两地在文化、教育、艺术、旅游、经济等各个领域的交流与合作,促进了两地文化的共同繁荣和发展。
互访是第三把金钥匙。几年间,英方四度来遂参加汤显祖文化节。遂昌文化交流团8次赴英参加莎士比亚纪念游行活动,两度将《牡丹亭》带至英国。2012年全本《牡丹亭》的演出,更是在英国引发关注,新华社伦敦分社、英国BBC电视台、斯特拉福德市电视台、艾文学院电视台等媒体对汤显祖“出国”进行了专访。
2016年共同庆祝汤显祖莎士比亚诞辰活动期间,两地联合拍摄了《城市一对一》节目,深入分析遂昌与斯特拉福德市在文化、美食、风土人情等方面的异同,对两地交流的历程进行了回顾。
汤公与莎翁的牵手相知
“卑贱和劣行在爱情看来都不算数,都可以被转化成美满和庄严:爱用的不是眼睛,而是心。”2019 年8 月,《仲夏夜之梦》在遂昌汤公音乐节期间上演,遂昌版《仲夏夜之梦》让汤显祖、莎士比亚、门德尔松三位巨匠超越时空,不期而遇……
活跃在2019 汤公音乐节舞台上的不止赫米娅、拉山德、海伦娜和狄米特律斯,还有来自法国、美国、加拿大、波兰、日本、韩国等世界各地的一批优秀的年轻演奏家,更有法国籍的陈其钢、陈雷激,美国籍的何为、涂强、刘韵杰、王冰、伊恩·斯文森、Brian Zator,中国台湾的施汶伶,中国大陆的于红梅、陈萨、常石磊、杜宁武、常静等。他们在遂昌举办了1场原创村歌作品发布会、4场音乐教育活动、9场室内音乐会、6场实景音乐会、11场公益音乐普及讲座和大师公开课、两个签约仪式。16天内,全城浸润在美妙的音乐中,陶醉在琴弦的律动中。
自2013年陈其钢、陈琳、陈雷激在遂昌创办“陈其钢工作音乐坊”“躬耕书院音乐筑梦班”后,越来越多国内外顶尖的音乐家跨海越洋,汇聚遂昌。2016 年,小提琴演奏家何为、中提琴演奏家刘韵杰和大提琴演奏家涂强在躬耕书院发起了公益性国际音乐夏令营,即青年音乐家培养计划。自此,音乐成为遂昌打开对外文化交流窗口的新钥匙,“青培计划”和“筑梦班”则成为新钥匙最关键的两道齿。
“青培计划”每年向全球招收30多名优秀音乐生,开展“专业课程”“巡回演出”“中国文化之旅”“音乐志愿活动”等。来自世界各地的年轻音乐家,有机会浸入不同的文化氛围,参与中西方文化的碰撞与对话,以及当地公益实践与交流活动,促进个人成长。而中国的优秀文化、遂昌的本土文化,通过培养计划传递给学员,也传播到了世界各地。“筑梦班”招收山区小学“山里娃”,根据不同学员的特点,进行器乐、声乐、舞台艺术的专业培养,打造了山区儿童公益教育平台,也给学员提供了实现音乐梦想的平台。400 来名孩子因为“筑梦班”,迷上了音乐,受惠于音乐。
2011年,躬耕书院办了第一期音乐暑期夏令营,在当地村里招生,总共来了十几个晒得黑黝黝的孩子。当时13 岁的曾佳慧,就站在他们中间。对这些山里的孩子来说,命运轮盘上的选项并不多,曾佳慧想在仅有十天的夏令营中创造一个新的可能性。
她以自己的认真打动了所有老师。
有一天,上完古琴课,陈雷激对孩子们说,“你们在这练琴,到了吃饭时间我来叫你们。”结果,跟几个老朋友吃饭聊得开心,陈雷激把这事给忘了。到了晚上八九点钟,陈雷激路过琴房,发现里面还有声音,推门进去一看,其他孩子都走了,只有曾佳慧一个人却还在练。陈雷激问:“你怎么还在啊?”曾佳慧说:“老师,你不是说一直练到吃饭来叫我们吗?”
10天后,老师们做了一个重大决定,带曾佳慧去北京。曾佳慧很争气,苦读一年后,第二年通过了北京中央音乐学院附中的全国校考,又从附中一路考进中国音乐学院古琴专业。从“丑小鸭”成长为现在的“白天鹅”,曾佳慧已经能自信地在舞台上拨动琴弦。
2014年,躬耕书院音乐筑梦班与杭州爱乐乐团合作的儿童歌剧《糖果屋》在杭州大剧院上演,这也是音乐筑梦班在正式舞台上的首秀。此后,孩子们相继登上了省市各大舞台,在杭州孔庙、苏州太湖大学堂、丽水大剧院、莲城剧场等地参加演出。
“我的家,天是蓝的水是绿的。走过层层梯田,在白云缭绕的山巅,到处是郁郁葱葱的茶园……”这是2019年4月,20名“音乐筑梦班”的孩子在2019 中国北京世界园艺博览会开幕式舞台上参与表演的童声合唱《心底的天籁》。而歌词正是陈其钢以遂昌为原型而创作的。筑梦班美妙的童音,将遂昌的纯朴、美好传递给了全中国、全世界。孩子们乘着音乐的翅膀,用最纯净的歌声托载着最质朴的情感与梦想,“飞”出大山,“飞”向世界。
从汤显祖到莎士比亚,从《牡丹亭》到《仲夏夜之梦》,从昆曲到交响乐,从英国到全世界,遂昌从古走到今,从山城走向世界。
The 2012 debut of the full-scale Kunqu Opera, , the masterpiece of Tang Xianzu (1550-1616), the greatest playwright in the old times of China, and “the Shakespeare of the Orient”, in Stratford and Coventry, fascinated the audience. The phantasmagoric romance between Du Liniang and Liu Mengmei touched the heart of the British audience.
The cultural bond between Suichang and Stratford, the birthplace of William Shakespeare (1564-1616), the English poet and playwright who is considered one of the greatest writers to ever use the English language, is beyond description, in that it is forged by two great minds which never had the chance to meet each other.
Tang Xianzu Meets William Shakespeare
The year 2016 marked the 400th anniversary of the death of William Shakespeare and Tang Xianzu. The two great dramatists joined UNESCO’s “the most influential 100 people in history” in the same year of 2000. Both explored the ultimate human thoughts about life and death in their masterworks. The philosophical depths of both reach such a charismatic level that makes their works timeless. For people today, the powerful sentiments in and feel so tangible and fresh that the 400 years between the two dramatists’ living time feels like déjà vu.
For Suichang, a small, mountainous county in Zhejiang Province’s Lishui district, the year 2016 was a big year. Suichang is the place where Tang Xianzu stayed for five years between 1593 and 1598 for his tenure and wrote the . His charisma and legacy has been remembered by generations of Suichang people. The county’s Tang Xianzu “totem” reached a new level in the 1980s, and blossomed into the sister city relation with Stratford in 2009.
Suichang launched the first Tang Xianzu – Shakespeare International Academic Summit Forum in 2011, drawing about 70 experts from seven countries/regions.
The unique bond between two great minds has blossomed into a repertoire of programs including Tang Xianzu-Shakespeare Culture Exchange, a bilingual online platform operated by the joint effort of Suichang and Stratford, and a translated version of .
“In the China-UK collaboration between Suichang and Stratford, studies about Tang Xianzu has been the key responsibility of the School of Oriental and African Studies; and we realized the importance of Tang Xianzu studies in sinology at the very beginning of such cooperation,” says Chen Tianyuan, a professor at the School of Oriental and African Studies of London University and secretary-general of European Association for Chinese Studies.
The Tang Xianzu Culture Festival hosted by Suichang has seen participation of British representatives four times. Over the past decade, Delegations from Suichang have taken part in Shakespeare commemorative activities in the UK eight times and brought into the homeland of Shakespeare twice, with the 2013 performance featured by major media groups such as BBC and the London division of the Xinhua Agency.
In the celebration of 2016, a TV program was co-produced by Suichang and Stratford to summarize the communication between the two places in all aspects.
You Gave Me Wings and
Made Me Fly
The Suichang version of was put on stage in August, 2019, allowing Tang Xianzu, William Shakespeare and Felix Mendelssohn to meet each other on the same stage. The 2019 Tang Xianzu Music Festival from July 22 to August 16 drew a galaxy of distinguished instrumentalists from China, French, the United States, Canada, Poland, Japan, and South Korea. During the 16-day festival, they gave nine indoor concerts and six outdoor concerts, eleven lectures and master classes. Musicians took part in four musical education programs. A special concert was held at which some village songs made their public debut. Two agreements were signed. The 16-day festival turned Suichang into a sea of melody and joy.
Ever since Chen Qigang, Chen Lin and Chen Leiji launched a charity music education program in Suichang in 2013, the county has been drawing musicians from all over the world to engage in all kinds of education-oriented music projects. The year 2016 saw another non-profit music-themed summer camp program unveiled in the county. The program’s training classes, together with an array of cultural programs, are open yearly to 30 students from the globe.
More than 400 music enthusiasts from Suichang have benefited from the “dream classes” offered free by participating musicians to usher music lovers into the wonderland of music. One of the participants in a 2011 program is Zeng Jiahui, a 13-year-old girl who dreamt of making her life different within the ten-day program. Her dram miraculously came true.
One day during the summer camp, Chen Leiji finished his teaching and told his students to practice for a while until dinner time. He was so immersed in a chat with his friends that he forgot the dinner time of his students. When he got back, he saw the only one still practicing was Zeng Jiahui. “Why are you still here?” Chen asked. “I am supposed to be here until you come back,” the girl paused and replied.
Ten days later, the teachers made the decision to take the girl to Beijing, where she passed the national examination for the affiliated middle school of the Central Conservatory of Music only a year later and entered the department of the conservatory.
The year 2014 saw the debut of at the Hangzhou Grand Theater. The opera for children is a collaborated project by the students of the Suichang-based music “dream camp” and Hangzhou Philharmonic Orchestra. The debut was followed by performances in various cities across Zhejiang. , a musical work performed by children’s chorus at the opening ceremony of the 2019 China Beijing World Garden Expo, was written by Chen Qigang using Suichang for inspiration. It is no exaggeration to say that it is music that has opened up a new world of exciting possibilities to children living in the sleepy county of Suichang.
From Tang Xianzu to William Shakespeare, and from to , a small county in the mountainous southwestern Zhejiang Province is well on its way towards the frontline of the world’s most exciting east-west cultural communication stage, and is showing unique self-confidence to the world audience.
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