2019-10-12 03:45:45 source: 文化交流(尚佐文)
“日月盈昃,辰宿列张。”在天上的日月星辰中,月亮因其皎洁柔美,而且善于“变脸”,最能引发诗人的联想和想象。
月到中秋分外明,这月色照亮了诗词,催生了佳作。一年一度中秋节,感谢历代诗人和词家,为我们留住了千秋月色。
苏东坡的中秋绝唱
苏轼挟旷世之才,笔扫千军,所向无敌。公元1076年中秋节,他大醉后写下的《水调歌头》,被推为中秋词的绝唱。用宋代诗评家胡仔的话说,此词一出,“余词尽废”。其词虽已烂熟于口,仍值得我们一遍遍地温习回味。
这是一首既有温度又有高度的佳构。上片写“我”,以“我”带月;下片写月,以月带人。
丙辰中秋,欢饮达旦,大醉,作此篇,兼怀子由。
明月几时有,把酒问青天。不知天上宫阙,今夕是何年。我欲乘风归去,又恐琼楼玉宇,高处不胜寒。起舞弄清影,何似在人间。
转朱阁,低绮户,照无眠。不应有恨,何事长向别时圆?人有悲欢离合,月有阴晴圆缺,此事古难全。但愿人长久,千里共婵娟。
“不知天上宫阙,今夕是何年”,作者为什么如此关心天上的时间?“我欲乘风归去”透露了个中消息:兴许这位苏大才子和李太白一样是位“谪仙人”!但他又不愿回到天上,因为受不了那种高寒。这其实反映了苏轼内心“出世”与“入世”的纠结,他终究是个热爱生活的人,虽然人间有很多不完美、不如意,但是亲情、友情以及种种乐趣,让他难以割舍。
“何事长向别时圆”,用看似无理的指责,表达了对离别深深的无奈。“人有悲欢离合”数句,升华为人生哲理;篇尾的“但愿人长久,千里共婵娟”,更是道出人所共有的祈愿。句句打动人心,句句引人共鸣,这样的作品不广为流传,那真是没天理了。
这首词也是音乐史上的名作,宋元时期即广为传唱。据北宋末年蔡绦《铁围山丛谈》记载,某年中秋之夜,苏东坡与客游金山,让当时的“歌坛巨星”袁绹演唱此词,东坡为之起舞,说:“此便是神仙矣!”得意之情溢于言表。南宋末年吴潜《霜天晓角》中有“且唱东坡《水调》,清露下,满襟雪”之句,《水浒传》第三十回写到八月十五夜唱“东坡学士中秋《水调歌》”,都是它广为传唱,成为“流行曲”的证据。
到了当代,此词由台湾音乐人梁弘志重新谱曲,歌名改为《但愿人长久》,因邓丽君首唱而风靡一时,因王菲等翻唱而至今不衰,可谓旧曲新翻的佳话。
苏东坡写中秋月,不止这首《水调歌头》。他写过一首七绝,也是“秒杀”同类作品:
《中秋月》
暮云收尽溢清寒,银汉无声转玉盘。
此生此夜不长好,明月明年何处看。
《水调歌头》作于兄弟睽隔之际,这首《中秋月》则是兄弟团聚时所作。前两句于写景中透露出一种轻快欢愉,后两句忽转入惆怅感伤。欢聚是短暂的,等待他们的是长久的离别和无尽的思念。整首诗有如精金美玉,令人玩赏不尽。
苏轼在黄州期间,还留下一首中秋词《西江月》,尽显谪居生活的苦闷悲凉:
《西江月》
世事一场大梦,人生几度秋凉。
夜来风叶已鸣廊,看取眉头鬓上。
酒贱常愁客少,月明多被云妨。
中秋谁与共孤光,把盏凄然北望。
咏月高手们的名作
苏轼的中秋诗词太耀眼,乃至掩盖了其他佳作的光芒。
“诗圣”杜甫是位咏月的高手,他在白露节写过“月是故乡明”(《月夜忆舍弟》),为咏月诗中的金句。某年中秋节,杜甫作《八月十五夜月》二首,其一云:
满月飞明镜,归心折大刀。
转蓬行地远,攀桂仰天高。
水露疑霜雪,林栖见羽毛。
此时瞻白兔,直欲数秋毫。
此诗为杜甫避乱蜀中时所作。前四句望月思归,抒发羁旅愁怀;后四句极写中秋月光之明亮——大地在月光的照耀下有如覆盖霜雪,林间栖鸟的羽毛清晰可见;此时仰望天上的玉兔,简直可以数得清它的毫毛。其想象奇特,别出机杼。
中唐大家韩愈写的《八月十五夜赠张功曹》,被蘅塘退士收入《唐诗三百首》,是韩愈流传最广的名篇之一。诗以月色开篇:“纤云四卷天无河,清风吹空月舒波。”
中秋之夜,微云收敛,甚至连银河都退避了,把天空让给这一轮圆月。诗的主体部分,借张署(张功曹)之歌,备述迁谪之苦,抒发同病相怜的感慨。最后又以月作结:“一年明月今宵多,人生由命非由他,有酒不饮奈明何?”前人评此诗“声清句稳,无一点尘滓气”,其诗真如中秋月之皎洁。
中秋诗词中,嫦娥、桂花、玉兔自然是常客。如中唐诗人王建的《十五夜望月寄杜郎中》,前两句绘出一幅绝美的中秋桂子图:
《十五夜望月寄杜郎中》
中庭地白树栖鸦,冷露无声湿桂花。
今夜月明人尽望,不知秋思落谁家。
原诗题下注云:“时会琴客。”诗人在中秋夜与好友相聚,赏桂听琴,望月怀远,从中可窥见唐代中秋习俗。诗中“秋思”语意双关,既指琴曲《秋思》,也指秋日情思。
晚唐诗人皮日休于唐咸通八年(867)中进士,次年东游,在杭州天竺寺过中秋节,写下一首咏月诗:
《天竺寺八月十五日夜桂子》
玉颗珊珊下月轮,殿前拾得露华新。
至今不会天中事,应是嫦娥掷与人。
皮日休其貌不扬,不谙世故,在看重名人权贵推荐的唐代科举中,得中进士,真像捡到嫦娥扔下的桂花一样,不禁有侥幸之感。
自小情商极高的北宋才子晏殊,羁旅他乡孤独地过中秋时,“推己及仙”,怜惜起独处蟾宫的嫦娥。天上人间,同此寂寞:
《中秋月》
十轮霜影转庭梧,此夕羁人独向隅。
未必素娥无怅恨,玉蟾清冷桂花孤。
中秋遇雨,最是煞风景之事。范成大的一首《中秋无月》,令人心有戚戚焉:
扑地痴云欲万重,家家帘幕护房栊。
世间第一无情物,谁似中秋雨与风。
天马行空的辛弃疾
面对中秋“同题作文”,豪放词派的另一位主将辛弃疾表现出色,没有辜负“苏辛”这个合称。在某个中秋夜,他和苏轼一样,也是通宵欢饮,也是即兴创作,于是诞生了一首与《水调歌头》堪称双璧的奇作:
《木兰花慢》
中秋饮酒将旦,客谓前人诗词有赋待月,无送月者,因用《天问》体赋。
可怜今夕月,向何处,去悠悠?是别有人间,那边才见,光影东头?是天外、空汗漫,但长风浩浩送中秋?飞镜无根谁系? 姮娥不嫁谁留?
谓经海底问无由,恍惚使人愁。怕万里长鲸,纵横触破,玉殿琼楼。虾蟆故堪浴水,问云何玉兔解沉浮?若道都齐无恙,云何渐渐如钩?
辛弃疾用的是跟苏轼完全不同的套路。他取法屈原《天问》,脑洞大开,奇思异想喷涌而出,化为一连串问句:圆月西坠,它要去哪里?是不是天外另有人间,刚看到圆月东升?是天外长风吹走这中秋明月的吗?明月凭空高悬,是谁用绳索系住?嫦娥长居广寒,是谁将她留住?都说月亮运行经由海底,这真令人费解犯愁。鲸鱼体大力猛,撞坏了月上宫殿该如何是好?蛤蟆固然能水,为何玉兔也能游泳?如果说月上一切安好,为什么它又会渐渐变小,直至成为一个弯钩?
这些问题,在科学尚未昌明的宋代,确实是能问倒众人的。尤其是“是别有人间,那边才见,光影东头”几句,更是神来之笔。王国维在《人间词话》中赞道:“词人想象,直悟月轮绕地之理,与科学家密合,可谓神悟。”
辛弃疾的另两首中秋词,也收获点赞无数:
《太常引 建康中秋夜为吕叔潜赋》
一轮秋影转金波,飞镜又重磨。把酒问姮娥,被白发、欺人奈何。
乘风好去,长空万里,直下看山河。斫去桂婆娑,人道是、清光更多。
《一剪梅》
忆对中秋丹桂丛,花在杯中,月在杯中。今宵楼上一尊同,云湿纱窗。雨湿纱窗。
浑欲乘风问化工,路也难通,信也难通。满堂唯有烛花红,杯且从容,歌且从容。
“斫去桂婆娑,人道是、清光更多”,典出杜甫写于寒食节的五律《一百五日夜对月》:“斫却月中桂,清光应更多。”辛弃疾用此典,表达了除奸邪、逐外敌的强烈愿望。
(本文图片提供:CFP)
In Chinese literature, some best known poems are about the mid-autumn full moon. Su Dongpo (1037-1101) wrote a Ci-poem on the evening of the Moon Festival in 1067 when he was 30 years old. Drunken, the greatest poet of the Song (960-1279) wrote it in honor of his younger brother living far away.
How rare the moon, so round and clear!
With cup in hand, I ask of the blue sky,
“I do not know in the celestial sphere
What name this festive night goes by?”
I want to fly home, riding the air,
But fear the ethereal cold up there,
The jade and crystal mansions are so high!
Dancing to my shadow,
I feel no longer the mortal tie.
She rounds the vermilion tower,
Stoops to silk-pad doors,
Shines on those who sleepless lie.
Why does she, bearing us no grudge,
Shine upon our parting, reunion deny?
But rare is perfect happiness--
The moon does wax, the moon does wane,
And so men meet and say goodbye.
I only pray our life be long,
And our souls together heavenward fly!
(Translated by Lin Yutang, 1895-1976)
It is the best known poem about the moon in China. Su Dongpo himself wrote some other poems about the moon, but none is equal to this one. A scholar named Cai Di in the Northern Song records an anecdote in an essay about this poem and the poet. On the evening of the Moon Festival one year, Su Dongpo and some friends visited Golden Mount Temple by the Yangtze River. One of the friends was a prominent singer. The singer sang Su’s moon poem and Su danced in accompaniment. This poem by Su Dongpo is mentioned in many poems by other poets in subsequent dynasties, indicating the poem was sung as a song for hundreds of years. In the 20th-century China, the best song composed for this poem is by Liang Hongzhi (1957-2004), a pop singer and song writer based in Taiwan.
Another poem Su Dongpo wrote about the full moon on the Mid-Autumn Festival is insightful and sadly beautiful. The last part of the poem reads:
“The beauty of this night in this life does not last, where do I see next year the moon bright?”
Poets in the Tang (618-907) and the Song wrote the most memorable poems on the evening of the Moon Festival in the history of Chinese literature. Du Fu, one of the greatest poets of the Tang, let his imagination fly when writing about the moon he could see so clearly. He said he could almost see all the autumnal fur of the white rabbit in the moonlight (a Chinese myth says that Chang’e in the moon pets a white rabbit).
Xin Qiji (1140-1207), a Ci-poet of the Southern Song (1127-1279), wrote great Ci-poems about the moon on the Mid-Autumn Festival. On one moon festival, the drunken poet looked up at the moon and posed a series of questions about the celestial body and the goddess who resided in the moon. Part of the poem reads to the effect: where is the moon going this evening? Is there another world which just sees the sunrise in the east? Is the moon going out of the sky where strong winds blow in the autumn? What anchors the moon so that the bright mirror does not fly away? How do the lunar palaces survive when the moon travels under the sea? What would happen if the giant whale smashes into the palaces? Who keeps Chang’e single? If everything up there is perfect, why does the moon wane so fast? The Song Dynasty, which did not have science to give people hard facts about the earth’s satellite, still allowed poets to let their imagination fly and ask wild questions about the moon based on beautiful myths.
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