金庸先生曾言『家人间的活动，多为下棋、看书』

　　都说国有国法，家有家规。一个家族的家训力量到底有多大？

　　海宁的查氏家族证明了这股力量，“一门十进士，叔侄五翰林”。

　　海宁查氏，既有康熙御笔亲书“唐宋以来巨族，江南有数人家”的历史传奇，在近现代更有不胜枚举的名士俊杰：

　　武侠小说宗师、著名新闻报人、社会活动家查良镛（金庸）；

　　“百年中国第一诗人”、翻译家查良铮（穆旦）；

　　实业家、社会活动家查济民；

　　……

　　查氏三世贫乐公查澄确立了“耕读为务”的家训。此后，几乎代代查氏先祖都传下或长或短的训言，告诫子孙。　

耕读传家，是从哪里开始的

　　海宁查氏耕读起家。查氏初迁海宁时，始迁祖查瑜以教书为业，致力耕读，家业逐渐发达。

　　1490年，五世查焕考中进士，为查家登科甲第一人。明朝海宁查氏第七代修订家谱时，更确定以“秉志允大继嗣克昌，奕世有人济美忠良，传家孝友华国文章，宗英绍起祖德载光”为字辈取名，从书面上确立海宁查氏带着浓厚儒家思想烙印的家风。

　　查氏后人读书应举，代有人才。他们秉持“读书为本”“耕读为务”的家训，不断将这一家训传递给后代，太和公（查秉彝）家训“不可不学，以延读书种子”，至明中叶后“令子文孙，咸能读书……于是循声政绩，儒林艺苑，磊落相望”。

　　查慎行，清代著名诗人，受学于黄宗羲，有《敬业堂诗集》50卷，颇有诗名，康熙帝亲题“敬业堂”赐之。赵翼、纪晓岚认为他的诗可与陆游并驾齐驱，袁枚《随园诗话》中对其诗歌的白描手法赞不绝口。围绕他与前辈查继佐，海宁查氏逐渐形成一个家族式的诗歌创作群体。

　　查慎行家道清贫，读书却如饥似渴，分秒必争，他告诫子孙：“学未竟，日西入。明追今，终勿及。慢游者日失一日，敬业者不速而疾。”查嗣韩则“发愤诵习，十三年不拆家信。夜分欲睡，辄举火灼两臂，至无完肤”，甚至查氏的女子也多自幼饱读诗书。

　　海宁查氏后人不负先祖厚望，大多勤奋嗜学，有成就者众多。

　　据赖惠敏《明清海宁查陈两家族人口的研究》统计，明清两代“查氏获得生员资格人数为800人，考取进士、贡生者共133人”。

　　有明一代，查家中进士者28人，其中查秉彝、查志立、查允元祖孙三代连中进士，传为盛事。

　　清代查家科甲更盛，有进士16人、举人59人。仅康熙一朝，就有十人中进士，特别是查慎行兄弟三人相继授翰林院编修，有“一朝十进士，兄弟三翰林”之称。康熙因而为查家题“唐宋以来巨族，江南有数人家”对联，并赐匾“嘉瑞堂”。

　　金庸曾在《连城诀》的后记里记述，“我祖父此后便在故乡闲居，读书作诗自娱，也做了很多公益事业。他编一部《海宁查氏诗抄》，有数百卷之多……”海宁查氏诗歌作品的丰富可见一斑。

　　金庸祖父查文清是海宁查氏最后的进士。1890年任丹阳知县，任上发生“丹阳教案”，他不愿无辜百姓获罪，扛下“纵逸”罪名，辞官返乡。

　　查文清正是海宁查氏的典型代表，诗礼传家、科举入仕、为官清正、人格清贵。

　　上世纪90年代，金庸与日本著名学者池田大作对话，提及对他影响最大的祖父查文清，“祖父设立了一座义庄，买了几千亩地收租，租金用于资助族中的孤儿寡妇，使他们能够平安过活，凡是上了中学、大学的人，每年都可以分两次领一笔津贴，如果有人出国留学，津贴的数额更大。”

　　族内开办义学，劝学助学之风气由来已久。查氏后人介绍，“义庄”明朝就有，鳏寡孤独都有救济，“尤其是读书，有不同的档次，张榜贴在祠堂里。受资助中了功名，有能力了要回报给家族”。

　　生于1936年的查乾伯对此记忆深刻。查氏不仅有“义庄”助学，前辈对提携后辈人才也不遗余力。汪千里在《海宁世家》里记述，查继佐每年都会在宗祠里对查氏子弟进行考试、指导。堂侄查嗣韩，虽家境贫寒，但潜力深远，查继佐便把他带在身边培养，查嗣韩不负所望，中了榜眼，成族内最高功名获得者。

　　海宁查家因文而兴，也因文获罪。查继佐被无端牵扯进“明史案”，查嗣庭“科场案”获罪，累及族人。但查家读书之风不减，只是不再把重心放在科举上，而是专注文学，泽被后人。

　　查慎行建有“得树楼”，与查家历代传下来的“澹远堂”“双遂堂”“查浦书屋”等，组成了一个庞大的家族图书馆。

　　金庸曾说：“家中藏书很多，幼时虽然看不懂，但找书很方便，不仅有古书，还有新书。家人间的活动也很文雅，闲来多是下棋、看书。”

　　如今，海宁查氏依然以读书为尊。

　　查乾伯之子查律，美术学博士，专攻书画，现任教于北京师范大学书法系，硕士生导师。上世纪90年代初，查律曾想下海，“父亲知道后，告诉我，祖上读书为本，崇文不崇武，更少从商。”他才继续求学，钻研书画。“查家经历‘科场’案仍然继续发展，就是家族内在强大文化基因的体现，实质上，这也正是家风家训在起作用。”

　　查律最想教给孩子的也是读书。他觉得祖训传下来的都是儒家提倡的。当今时代，像勤俭为先、兼知礼仪，这些都有好的影响。

查氏家训特别重视慎独自律

　　海宁查氏对儒家文化有着深刻的自我认同，历代家训对“修身齐家治国平天下”这一儒家思想核心精神有着充分体现。

　　在历代海宁查氏先祖的家训遗训中，几乎对子嗣后代的修身齐家之道都事无巨细地详细规诫。

　　《海宁袁花查氏》作者汪千里认为，在家训中，查澄指明家族的发展方向是“读书为本”，兴家之道是男读女织，“勤俭为先”，修身之道为“兼知礼仪”，并劝诫子孙四事警之戒之：“毋贪于酒”“毋贪于色”“毋学赌博”“毋好争讼”。

　　此后，查氏先祖对后人修身齐家留下严格而规整的家训。

　　查氏家训特别强调慎独自律，宽以待人。查志隆要求后人“责己宜重以周，责人宜轻以约”；查祥提醒后人，“尽情话不可说，伤心事不可做。看得自己多不是处，便是老大进境；看得他人多不是处，便是老大退境。”

　　查氏尤其重视礼教。查秉彝指出，“教幼先教学礼，毋使怠惰，自任己意”。后世查云标强调，“人而有礼也则荣，无礼则辱。家而有礼也则全，无礼则覆”，“礼根信而出，则礼非虚器。故人能守礼，又能主信，则立身之道尽矣，即保世延家之道亦尽矣”。

　　查澄要求子孙“出则有方，入则孝悌”，后世查遊更指出，“孝友乃以传家”。查氏孝子贤孙更是层出不穷。查嗣珣母亲生病，即“星驰归侍汤药，人以是称孝”；查嗣韩母亲失明，“每舐母目，失而复明，人以为孝感所致”；查嗣琪母亲生病，他“衣不解带者逾月，倚庐三年，笑不见齿”。

　　查昇是清康熙年间三朝国史纂修官，善诗词，工书法，精小楷，得董其昌精髓，深得康熙帝赏识，入值南书房长达38年，康熙帝曾为其手书“澹远堂”匾。查昇事亲至孝，他自幼家贫，跟父兄学习，18岁才去私塾读书，康熙二十六年考中举人，第二年中进士。此时，他39岁，父母年事已高，遂请假回家侍奉父母，假满后，也不肯回去，父亲强迫他才离去。父母去世时，他回家奔丧，凭棺恸哭，险些昏绝，“哭泣毁瘁之容，唁者所不忍见也”。临终前，查昇对子女说：“尔辈男读书女纺织，还我澹远堂门风足矣！”

　　查氏后人对先祖训诫身体而力行。

　　实业家查济民将孔夫子教导弟子的“修身、齐家、治国、平天下”改为“修身、齐家、爱国、和天下”做座右铭，“我想这两句话今天完全可以用得上。人要严格要求自己，努力奋斗；要尊重婚姻、爱护家庭；要爱自己的国家，有能力就要奉献一点；要支持人类进步，推动世界和平。”

　　他以为，“待人宽厚一点，待人好一点就是仁。人活在社会上必须彼此尊重、互相容忍……所谓‘为富不仁’，在中国传统社会是一件很差很差的事。”熟悉他的人，在他和家人身上看不到有钱人的骄奢跋扈，铺张浪费也是严格禁止。跟他们接触过的家乡人都觉得他们行事低调，“每次都悄悄来，悄悄回，不惊扰地方。”

　　查氏后人在提及查氏家风时，常以查济民为例。

　　查氏良字辈后人、《中华查氏总谱》浙江卷主编查杰慧认为，查济民低调，热心公益和教育，是海宁查氏家风的典型代表。

查澄家训

　　我今年老，戒尔诸孙：凡为童稚，读书为本。勤俭为先，兼知礼仪。及其成人，五常莫废，出则有方，入则孝悌。兄弟之间，本同一气，切勿相争，自相弃矣。妯娌之间，纺织为最，虽云异姓，和如姐妹。

　　戒尔子孙：毋贪于酒，酒能乱性，亦能招祸；毋贪于色，色能丧身；毋学赌博，赌则败家；毋好争讼，讼则受辱。凡此四事，警之戒之。

　　和于邻里，睦于亲切。择良而交，见恶责己，毋堕农事，毋失祖业，顺之则行，逆而则止。言必择善，行必和缓，毋以暴怒，招其祸衍。

　　食但充口，毋贪美味；衣但蔽寒，毋贪绫绢。非礼勿取，量力节俭。凡使奴婢，亦当宽缓。凡此数事，斟酌而行。

　　戒尔子孙，谨守良规，从之者昌，逆之者殃，成败之际，如在反掌。

In Jiangnan (the south of the Yangtze River Delta), some prominent families used to play a central role in local communities and contribute scholars who served well in government. The Zha family in Haining, Jiaxing, the biggest city in northern Zhejiang Province, was considered the first family in this part of the province during the Ming (1368-1644) and the Qing (1644-1911) dynasties. There were also the Chen family in Haining, the Qian family in Haiyan, the Lu family in Pinghu, and the Shen family in Jiaxing. These big-name families had something in common: they produced scholars who passed imperial examinations. Some became government officials who brought justice, peace and prosperity to places where they served. Some stayed home to be community leaders. Some were generous donators to public welfare projects.

Wondering about these families which thrived for such a long time, Pan Guangdan (1899-1968), a scholar who wrote a book exploring the lasting eminence and prosperity of the big families in Jiaxing during the Ming and the Qing, stated that all these families that maintained their social status and reputation upheld tradition and culture as the foundation and that family mottos were religiously carried on.

Pan is right to put his finger on the significance of family mottos that kept these families together and prosperous.

Zha as a surname originated more than 2,000 years ago. The Zha people in Haining started with Zha Yu who moved his family from Wuyuan, which was in Anhui Province back then and now in Jiangxi Province, to Haining where he worked as a teacher. He had no idea that this decisive migration gave his family an opportunity to thrive in the east.

The Zha family in Haining was honored by Emperor Kangxi (who ruled from 1661-1722) of the Qing Dynasty who wrote an inscription for the family. The family prospered and became a clan. The clan produced numerous scholars during the two dynasties. The best known celebrities from the family in the 20th century included Zha Liangyong (Louis Cha or best known as Jin Yong, a Wuxia novelist, 1924-2018), Zha Jimin (a Hong Kong business tycoon and social activist, 1914-2007) and Zha Liangzheng (best known as Mu Dan, a poet and translator, 1918-1977).

The family’s mottos started with Zha Cheng, who was a third-generation descendent in Haining. He lived in poverty, but he worked hard. The mottos ran in the family from one generation to another and accrued as more contributions came in from younger generations. It is not hard to understand why education stands out in all the family mottos of the Zha family, as the imperial examination system which existed in China for more than 1,000 years was a guaranteed gateway for successful scholars to step from the society’s bottom into top societal echelons. 

It was in 1490 that Zha Huan, a fifth-generation descendent of the family in Haining, attained a Jinshi degree in the top imperial examination. He was the first top scholar the family in Haining produced. According to Lai Huimin, a modern scholar who examined the census data of the Zha clan in Haining during the Ming and the Qing, 800 passed imperial examinations at various levels and 133 of them qualified for the Imperial College in the capital and 44 of the 133 came out first as Jinshi in highest imperial examinations. 

Jin Yong talked about the contribution his grandfather Zha Wenqing made to the education undertaking of the clan in an interview with a Japanese scholar in the 1990s: “My grandfather set up a foundation to help orphans and widows of the Zha clan. The funds came from the rentals of farmlands he had bought. The funds helped these people live respectfully. Those who were able to go to middle school or university could get scholarships twice a year. Those who went to study overseas were given a more generous scholarship.”

The Zha clan in Haining provided free education for children from poverty-stricken families as early as in the Ming. Those who passed imperial examinations and served as government officials gave back by helping students of the clan. Zha Jizuo, an elderly of the family, held a test every year at the clan memorial temple to find out how all young students of the clan fared academically. Hopefuls would receive additional attention and care of the clan.