2019-05-23 08:16:12 source: 《文化交流》:陈淡宁
今年春天,集结了浙江省博物馆新馆区、浙江图书馆新馆区、浙江省非物质文化遗产馆和浙江省文学馆的浙江省之江文化中心,正式开工建设。建成后,它将以省内体量最大,集自然、人文、艺术、生态于一体的现代复合文化综合体的姿态,成为杭州乃至浙江的文化地标。
作为浙江省“十三五”规划中的重要文化建设项目,之江文化中心以“国际一流、中国特色、浙江元素”为理念,其目标是打造一个标杆性、聚人气、促消费、有机活态的新型文化综合体。
早在2016年,当时的浙江省文化厅就针对这个项目展开了面向全球的总体规划与城市设计竞赛。竞赛共有来自全球的86家建筑设计相关机构报名,其中有50家递交了具体的设计方案。通过层层选拔,结合多方意见,浙江省文化厅从中选出8个方案,在浙江图书馆向公众展示并征求大家的意见。最后,结合专家和公众的投票意见,由法国AS建筑工作室规划设计的概念方案入选。
但概念方案只是一个框架,要形成真正可施工的方案,还需要做许多的细化工作,特别是在立足本土文化特色方面,需要一家有经验、有规模的本土设计机构来操刀。经过EPC招投,作为设计方的浙江省建筑设计研究院与作为施工方的浙江省建工集团,共同接下了之江文化中心的设计建设任务。
项目设计总负责人是浙江省建筑设计研究院副院长、首届省工程设计大师、国家一级注册建筑师曹跃进。他向笔者介绍了之江文化中心项目设计的核心理念。
核心设计理念
“江南”与“山水”的诗意
曹跃进介绍,之江文化中心作为一个文化综合体,并不是将四馆纳入一幢建筑内,而是四馆自成一体,分设于四边,沿城市道路设置开放的广场、绿地。中间围合部分重点打造一个文化旅游公园“诗画江南”,公共服务设施和停车布置在公园地下。这种“分散式+围合”的布置,实际上来源于中国传统文化里“和合”的理念。
而从建筑外观来说,四馆虽然各自独立,但整体形象是统一的——都传承了传统江南建筑粉墙黛瓦的风格。比如以浅灰、浅白色石材为主的外墙,借鉴了江南风格建筑砖墙错缝透空的砌筑手法,古为今用。再比如外窗局部采用了暖色窗框,这种精致的点缀更符合江南的气韵。再比如屋顶,四馆都采用了深灰色的金属瓦屋面,覆盖在高低起伏的建筑体之上,隐喻江南群山绵延的天际线。
曹跃进说,古语云“仁者乐山、智者乐水”,山水蕴含天地万物。而位于四馆中心部分的文化旅游公园,在设计上亦秉承了“天地人和”的哲理,汲取浙江的山水地域元素,将四周的场馆建筑隐喻为“山”,点缀在江南园林的庭院水景之中,就如同一幅展开的中国山水画卷。
在曹跃进看来,之江文化中心是充满诗意的。这份诗意正好有四句诗可以代表,而它们是围绕着“江南”与“山水”所展开的想象。
第一句,“江南好,风景旧曾谙”。
曹跃进说,江南是之江文化中心的区域背景。作为中国文化的重要组成部分,在漫漫的历史长河中,浙江逐渐发展成经济与文化双腾飞的省份。这自然离不开悠久历史所孕育出的灿烂的江南文化,而江南多变的地貌又造就了这一方独特的风景。
第二句,“江南忆,最忆是杭州”。
杭州的湖光山色是江南的精华所在。西子湖畔,钱塘江边,无数的历史传说在此演绎。之江作为钱塘文化的发源地,拥有良好的文化根系和文艺气质。因此,从城市规划中可见,之江文化中心建设工程,既是之江文化轴上的一颗明珠,又与艺创小镇、云栖小镇共同构成三大文化集群,辐射整个之江板块。
第三句,“日出江花红胜火,春来江水绿如蓝”。
曹跃进说,群山环绕,绿水盈盈,是江南风景的主要特征,也是接触概念方案时产生的最初印象。浙江地形复杂,有山脉也有水乡,绵延的山形与潺潺的流水形成一种强烈的对比,同时山水又能相互融合,这也成为了本案的灵感来源。“山水精神”是江南文化的精髓,也已深入江浙人民的心中。因此,曹跃进也希望在设计中能完美体现这种山水文化。
第四句,“山寺月中寻桂子,郡亭枕上看潮头”。
相信很多读者都会有这样的体验,一张优美的纯风景照与一张有人物的风景照相比,后者总比前者来得生动。而之江文化中心的建立,就是为了人。曹跃进表示,之江文化中心主要由六部分组成,除四馆外还包含公共服务中心和中心景观公园。
其中公共服务中心完全布置在地下,留出大量的地面空间给景观,现代的建筑规划设计必须是建筑和景观和谐的有机体。因此,此次设计的核心策略就是创造这样一个和谐的整体,四个主要场馆在场地中沿边均衡布置,互相形成对话,每一个界面都向城市开放。围合成的内院既延续了江南建筑的庭院感,又赋予了她市民文化生活对现代公共空间的使用需求。
如果要概括之江文化中心的设计核心,曹跃进将其归纳为八个词:多元、公益、便利、共享、突破、传承、开放、人文。
未来省级“四馆”
有共性也有个性
尽管建筑群的外立面保持了相对统一的风格,但事实上,未来的省级“四馆”都会保留一些个性的成分。
有一些是大家可以直接想象出来的,比如博物馆需要有大量的展陈空间和收藏空间,为了保护陈列和收藏的那些宝贝,需要让室内环境尽可能地稳定,因此它的外立面墙体将会以实墙为主。而图书馆正好相反,因为人在其中活动,需要相对明亮的采光,因此其外立面会相对多使用一些透明玻璃,以增加室内的采光面积。
也有一些是大家可能想不到的。比如文学馆,按照目前的规划,文学馆中会有一些小型的展览、讲座空间,以及供儿童学习活动的室内外空间。此外文学馆还会设置一些作家创作室,吸引国内外知名作家入驻、创作。因此,曹跃进表示,在设计时会更注重一些文人氛围的营造,并确保一个相对安静的空间。
再比如非遗馆。曹跃进说,在与非遗馆的责任单位对接之后,对这个“馆内外都要别具一格”的新馆舍充满期待,也感受到挑战。非遗馆想要呈现的“活态传承”理念,以及让游人融入展陈空间的设想,也让曹跃进非常有兴趣。
除了这些充满个性的设想,在听取相关责任单位所提出的要求后,曹跃进也发现了一些共性,比如“四馆”都对自己的中央大厅有一些复杂的要求。以图书馆为例,它的中央大厅是整个馆舍空间联系的纽带,但它又必须要有展示区域和储藏功能。而除此之外,馆方希望设计师能打造出一个别致的、具有浙江特色又很有视觉冲击效果的中央大厅:“既要过目不忘,又要体验良好”。而同样考验团队设计功力的是博物馆的中央大厅。作为之江文化中心占地面积最大的建筑,博物馆的中央大厅需要与外观保持相对一致的山水建筑理念,还要融入一些能够代表浙江文化底色的元素,比如良渚文化等等。
除了“四馆”建设外,与之江文化中心配套的公共服务中心,将建有会展中心、教育艺术中心、儿童活动中心以及停车场。半开放式的文化景观公园,将会打造成一个充满人文气息,又带有江南园林特征,同时具备文化品位的户外空间。作为之江文化中心的有机构成之一,它将会作为“四馆”的补充与延伸,提供相对较大的户外活动平台和室外的儿童活动平台,为文旅融合发展打下基础。
曹跃进表示,之江文化中心的建设,无论从选址还是建设标准来说都具备了相当的前瞻性。比如其选址位于之江文化带的核心区块,周边的文化氛围已日益浓厚,交通规划也十分便利。而在馆舍功能方面,设计需要有超前意识,要留足发展空间。其设施也是以“先进性、智慧性、示范性、引领性”为目标。此外在软件方面,之江文化中心也是以“成为全国先进,迈入世界一流行列”为目标。而未来,之江文化带将与周围的云栖小镇、艺创小镇一同形成三大文化集群,以浙江音乐学院和中国美术学院两大学院为支点,撬动整个之江新城板块,成为浙江乃至全世界都有影响力的文化集群。
忆江南
【唐】白居易
其一
江南好,风景旧曾谙;日出江花红胜火,春来江水绿如蓝。能不忆江南?
其二
江南忆,最忆是杭州;山寺月中寻桂子,郡亭枕上看潮头。何日更重游!
其三
江南忆,其次忆吴宫;吴酒一杯春竹叶,吴娃双舞醉芙蓉。早晚复相逢!
Poetic Imagination for New Cultural Center in Hangzhou
An interview with Architect in Chief
February 28, 2018 saw the starting of the construction of Zhijiang Cultural Center, a provincial undertaking which is to house the new sites of Zhejiang Museum, Zhejiang Library, Zhejiang Museum for Intangible Cultural Heritage, and Zhejiang Literature Museum, in Binjiang District across the Qiantang River from downtown Hangzhou.
With culture, nature, art and ecology integrated into this project, the center is designed to stand as the latest cultural landmark of Hangzhou and Zhejiang.
As early as 2016, Zhejiang offered architects all over the world an opportunity to design the center. The design must feature two salient aspects: the center itself and its fusion with the surrounding urban development. The organizers of received bidding documents from 86 architecture firms. Fifty of the bidders submitted conceptual plans. After several rounds of consideration and evaluation, eight plans were on a shortlist and presented at Zhejiang Library for public opinion. Eventually, Architecture-Studio, a French architecture practice founded in 1973, came out as the winner.
Zhejiang Institute of Architectural Design has been picked to flesh out the conceptual plan and make it into practical blueprints down to all details and Zhejiang Construction Engineering Group has been commissioned to translate the blueprints into reality. Just the other day, we had an interview with Cao Yuejin, the chief architect in charge of the design project for the center, about the cultural landmark.
According to Cao, the new center is by no means a single architecture under whose roof all the four houses stay side by side. The four stand alone from each other, on the four sides of the large compound, with a park in the center and all the public service infrastructure and parking spaces underground. Conceptually, this gigantic structure that integrates all the independent units into a whole represents the idea of harmony in Chinese culture.
The chief architect states that the detailed design of the compound and the individual buildings can be described in ancient Chinese wisdom and poems. He specifies. A well-known ancient adage says that the wise love mountains but the benevolent love rivers. As culture pursues truth and enhances wisdom, the concept of rivers and mountains is to be expressed in the blueprints. The three museums and the library are considered to look like mountains where the park in the center has every reason to sprawl like a river, symbolizing truth and wisdom respectively and achieving a harmony of the two.
Cao quotes some lines from ancient Chinese poems to give more details about the design, saying the symbols of mountains and rivers on the compound can be seen if one explores carefully. Done with the ancient poems, he concludes that the general design embodies eight goals the new center is designed to represent: diversity, public benefit, convenience, sharing, breakthrough, tradition, openness, and culture.
Cao says individuality is a feature that must be emphasized. Though the four separate structures are poised to contribute to the overall harmony, each presents some special challenges that must be addressed individually. For example, as Zhejiang Museum needs large spaces for both holding exhibitions and safeguarding its precious collections, the inner structure must be solid and stable and the external walls must be solid and strong. On the other hand, Zhejiang Library needs as many glass windows as possible. Zhejiang Literature Museum can be a little bit different from the other three in that it needs a set of relatively small spaces for various functions. For example, the space for small-scaled exhibitions and the space for lectures there don’t have to be cavernous. And the museum needs a space for children to play both indoor and outdoor. The museum plans to provide offices where writers can shut themselves up and write quietly without much interference from the outside. Cao Yuejin says this museum needs tranquility and privacy.
In addition to the four separate structures, there will be a series of public service spaces for parking, exhibition, art and education, and a large outdoor space for public events and children’s activities.
The Zhijiang Cultural Center is by no means a standing-alone cultural facility in the neighborhood. Ideally, it is connected with Cloud Town which is dedicated to the cutting-edge cloud computing and Art Town as well as China Academy of Art and Zhejiang Conservatory of Music in close neighborhood.
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